Cartoon by John Jonik
"They caught five million pounds of meat that had salmonella in it last year that they wouldn't have caught, and they won't catch it next year,"
- Carol Tucker Foreman
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Cartoon by John Jonik
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The Bush administration has proposed dropping testing for salmonella in ground beef for the federal school-lunch program and letting schools serve beef that has been irradiated, a procedure that kills salmonella and all other harmful bacteria but is mistrusted by many consumers.
The salmonella tests, ordered last June by the Clinton administration, were met with fierce opposition by the meat industry, which complained that the tests were burdensome and not scientific. The industry has since lobbied to scrap them.
In those tests, packages of meat were sampled randomly by the government for salmonella before shipment to schools.
Dr. Ken Clayton, acting administrator of the Agricultural Marketing Service at the Agriculture Department, said the current testing program did not ensure that schools were getting the safest food possible. In place of testing for salmonella, he said, the agency would institute a system to weed out suppliers who did not meet standards.
With two exceptions, the standards Dr. Clayton outlined are those that already exist for a meat-processing plant to receive the Agriculture Department's seal of approval.
The agency will now require a second anti-microbial step at slaughterhouses, like an acid rinse, for plants that want to sell ground beef to the school lunch program.
In addition, grinders that do not meet the standards for cleanliness a certain percentage of the time will not be allowed to supply the school lunch program and other federal food programs.
The Agriculture Department must make a final decision before July, in time for the start of the buying season for the new school year.
The proposal means that "neither federal inspectors nor companies involved will test for a potentially deadly pathogen in meat going to millions of school children nationwide," said Carol Tucker Foreman, director of the Food Policy Institute of the Consumer Federation of America and a former Agriculture Department official in the Carter administration.
Senator Richard J. Durbin, an Illinois Democrat who sits on the agriculture subcommittee of the Appropriations Committee, was also critical of the change and threatened Congressional action.
"The school lunch program is a very sacred budget in our program," Mr. Durbin said, "and a lot of senators and congressman don't feel it's a political issue.
"First, it was arsenic in drinking water. Now it's salmonella in school lunches. Where will it end?"
Ms. Foreman said that she did not object to the additions to the safety standards, but that she believed that the agency must continue to check for salmonella.
"They caught five million pounds of meat that had salmonella in it last year that they wouldn't have caught, and they won't catch it next year," she said.
Dr. Clayton said he had no idea how many companies would choose to irradiate their ground beef.
Critics of irradiation say it is the easy way to sterilize harmful bacteria but does nothing to improve the safety of the meat processor.
It would be up to the schools to notify parents if they planned to serve irradiated hamburgers.
Irradiation shatters the genetic material of bacteria, killing them. Scientists say the process leaves no residual radioactivity. The government began allowing beef to be irradiated a year ago, but relatively little has been produced, in part because of doubts about whether most consumers would accept it.
Mishandling of food, even if it has been irradiated or previously tested as untainted, can introduce harmful bacteria. And improperly handled raw beef can cross-contaminate raw food with which it comes in contact.
Salmonella causes 1.4 million illnesses and 600 deaths a year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. While testing for salmonella would be eliminated, the Agriculture Department would continue its daily testing for E coli 0157H:7, except in products that had been irradiated.
It would also test for generic e-coli, which in itself is not harmful but which indicates the presence of fecal contamination. Even when a sample tests high for generic e-coli, however, it does not necessarily signal the presence of salmonella.
As of March 30, 1,436 samples had been taken by federal testers from more than 120 million pounds of ground beef. Of those, 130 samples were rejected, 75 of them because of salmonella, 10 because of contamination with E coli 0157H:7. The rest were rejected for high coliform counts or the presence of staphylococcus aureus.
The meat processors have lobbied hard to get rid of the salmonella testing. Sara Lilygren, a spokeswoman for the American Meat Institute, said: "The draft proposal appears to be an improvement for consumers because it allows irradiated ground beef to be purchased, uses generic e- coli testing to determine whether the product has been produced in a clean and controlled environment and abandons the old zero tolerance for salmonella, which had no basis for reducing food-borne illness risk since it was in a product required to be cooked to 160 degrees but caused millions of pounds of good meat to be rejected and jacked up the cost of ground beef."
The salmonella tests added to the cost of ground beef. Irradiation is expected to do the same, but it is not known by how much.
Until the Clinton administration adopted the science-based specifications last year, the only safety requirement for school-lunch ground beef was that it be produced in an Agriculture Department-certified processing plant.
Those specifications were enacted after a federal judge rebuffed the department's efforts last summer to close a Texas meat-processing plant based on random salmonella tests the department had conducted.
The plant supplied as much as 45 percent of the ground beef in the school-lunch program after it failed salmonella tests three times. But the judge said the department lacked the authority to use such tests, and ordered that the plant remain open. It closed later last year, however, after the department decided to appeal the judge's ruling.
Since the rules became effective, salmonella contamination has dropped by as much as 50 percent, studies show.
"The requirements that were put into effect last year went further than the fast-food restaurants which have stringent limits but not zero tolerance," said Ms. Foreman.
Referring to a coalition of consumer groups that asked the Clinton administration to set salmonella standards for school-lunch beef, she said: "We didn't argue for zero tolerance. We just wanted them to set a standard that limited salmonella."
Mr. Durbin said it might not be necessary to require zero tolerance. "We should entertain any reasonable approach that still protects our children in a responsible way," he said. "I don't believe this approach does."
WASHINGTON -- The Bush administration is proposing to allow irradiation of ground meat that the government buys for schools and would no longer require the meat to be sampled for salmonella bacteria.
Instead of the salmonella tests, the Agriculture Department is proposing to tighten the processing standards that slaughterhouses and processing plants would have to meet to continue selling ground beef, pork or turkey to the government. Plants would be tested for general bacteria counts as an indicator of overall plant cleanliness.
The salmonella requirement, which the Clinton administration imposed last year on beef purchases, drove up the cost of beef and resulted in some shortages of supply. Before last year, the government would buy meat from any plant that was federally inspected.
Critics said Wednesday that the Bush administration's plan would allow contaminated meat to get to schools. But the American School Food Association praised the proposal as a ``more science-based approach'' to ensure that meat was safe.
``The objective here is to make sure that the suppliers we do business with are operating their manufacturing processes in a way that will maximize the cleanliness and the safety of the product that we're buying,'' said Ken Clayton, acting administrator of the Agriculture Department's Agricultural Marketing Service, which buys food for federal nutrition programs.
He said he didn't know how much irradiated meat USDA would buy, if any. It would be up to schools who buy irradiated meat to disclose that to students and parents, he said.
The government began allowing beef to be irradiated a year ago, but relatively little has been produced, in part because of doubts about whether consumers would accept it. Irradiating meat eliminates any pathogens, such as E. coli O157:H7, which can be fatal to children and elderly people.
About 5 percent of the beef offered to USDA over the past year tested positive for salmonella and was rejected.
Carol Tucker Foreman of Consumers Federation of America accused USDA of bowing to pressure from the meat industry.
``This decision means that neither federal inspectors nor the companies involved will test for a potentially deadly pathogen in meat going to millions of schoolchildren nationwide,'' said Foreman, who oversaw USDA's food-safety programs during the Carter administration. ``Instead of looking for bacteria that make people sick, inspectors will look only for harmless bacteria that may indicate the presence of fecal contamination.''
Many fast-food chains now require salmonella testing on beef that they buy, but USDA does not believe it is necessary, Clayton said. Sampling plants once a day for salmonella is akin to trying to find a needle in a haystack, and plants that have failed USDA's salmonella tests usually have other sanitation problems as well, he said.
``Unless you sample every ounce of product, you're not going to find it,'' he said.
About 5 percent of the beef offered to USDA over the past year tested positive for salmonella and was rejected.
The new rules would require slaughterhouses to put carcasses through at least two antimicrobial rinses. Beef also would be tested for E. coli O157:H7 as well as general bacteria levels. Plants with consistent problems are to be dropped as suppliers.
As of the end of February, the department had purchased 110.8 million ground beef and hamburger patties, compared with 122.7 million pounds at the same time a year ago. The average price of fine ground beef bought for the current school year was $1.51 per pound, compared with $1.11 in 1999-2000.
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